Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the pancreas grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. The pancreas is a gland behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones including insulin.
Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at a later stage because early symptoms can be subtle. They may include:
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
- Upper abdominal or back pain
- New-onset diabetes
CA 19-9 is a tumour marker commonly associated with pancreatic cancer. It can be used to help support diagnosis and to monitor treatment, though elevated levels can also occur in other conditions affecting the bile ducts, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
Causes of Pancreatic cancer
The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is not known in most cases. It develops when cells in the pancreas acquire DNA mutations that cause them to grow abnormally.
Risk factors include:
- Age, with most cases diagnosed in people aged 60 to 80
- Smoking, which accounts for around 20% of cases
- Chronic pancreatitis, long-term inflammation of the pancreas
- Diabetes, particularly new-onset diabetes in older adults
- Obesity and a diet high in red and processed meat
- Family history of pancreatic cancer or inherited genetic syndromes such as BRCA2 mutations, Lynch syndrome and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome
Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor primarily through its role in causing chronic pancreatitis.
Tests that can help check this condition
Learn more on the official NHS page .
Medical review
Dr. Shahzaib Ahmad MBBS, BSc, MRCP, FRCA, FFICM
Clinical Supervisor - Vitall|GMC 7495062|Profile
Reviewed on 22/05/2026
Next review due 22/05/2027
Review focus: Blood biomarkers, laboratory testing methodology, and biochemical interpretation.
