Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that develops from plasma cells in the bone marrow. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies to help fight infection.
In myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably and produce large amounts of a single type of antibody (paraprotein) that serves no useful function. This can damage bones, suppress the immune system and affect kidney function.
Symptoms may include:
- Persistent bone pain, particularly in the back, ribs or hips
- Tiredness due to anaemia
- Frequent infections
- Raised calcium levels and kidney problems
Blood tests for total protein and globulins can suggest abnormal protein production. Serum protein electrophoresis and further specialist tests are used to confirm the diagnosis.
Causes of Multiple myeloma
The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown. It develops from a pre-cancerous condition called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), in which a small number of abnormal plasma cells produce a paraprotein. Each year, approximately 1% of people with MGUS progress to myeloma.
Risk factors include:
- Age, with most cases diagnosed in people over 65
- Sex, as myeloma is slightly more common in men
- Ethnicity, with higher rates in people of African and Caribbean descent
- Family history of myeloma or MGUS
- Obesity
Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals (such as pesticides) has been suggested as a possible risk factor, though evidence remains limited.
Tests that can help check this condition
Learn more on the official NHS page .
Medical review
Dr. Shahzaib Ahmad MBBS, BSc, MRCP, FRCA, FFICM
Clinical Supervisor - Vitall|GMC 7495062|Profile
Reviewed on 22/05/2026
Next review due 22/05/2027
Review focus: Blood biomarkers, laboratory testing methodology, and biochemical interpretation.
