Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is the second most common bacterial STI in the UK and can infect the genitals, rectum, throat and eyes.
Around half of women and 1 in 10 men with gonorrhoea experience no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include unusual discharge (green or yellow from the penis, or a change in vaginal discharge), pain when urinating and, in women, bleeding between periods.
If untreated, gonorrhoea can cause serious complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and, in rare cases, disseminated gonococcal infection affecting the joints and bloodstream.
Testing is done via urine sample or swab from the affected site. Gonorrhoea is treated with antibiotics, though antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern. Retesting after treatment is recommended.
Causes of Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex, and can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth.
Risk factors include:
- Having a new sexual partner or multiple partners
- Inconsistent use of condoms
- Having a partner with gonorrhoea or a history of STIs
- Being under 25
Antibiotic-resistant strains of gonorrhoea have become a significant public health concern. Current UK treatment guidelines recommend dual antibiotic therapy to reduce the risk of resistance. A test of cure is advised after treatment to confirm the infection has cleared.
Tests that can help check this condition
Learn more on the official NHS page .
Medical review
Dr. Shahzaib Ahmad MBBS, BSc, MRCP, FRCA, FFICM
Clinical Supervisor - Vitall|GMC 7495062|Profile
Reviewed on 22/05/2026
Next review due 22/05/2027
Review focus: Blood biomarkers, laboratory testing methodology, and biochemical interpretation.
